The Phillips Family - Royalty? Or Not?

Excerpt from page 383 of The History of Medina County and Ohio(1881)
talking about early settlers of Medina Township.

"...Augustus Philips settled on the south half of same lot. Philips' father and mother came in 1820. They were colored (sic) people, and are said to have been descendants of the noted Indian Chief -- King Philip."

Years ago, when I first read those words, they struck me as the germ of a legend or folk tale. Probably no basis in fact. Curious, I did a little research and found Augustus listed in the 1850 Census for Medina County. The column for his race is left blank as it often was at that time. Knowing nothing about King Philip, I researched him enough to know that he caused trouble for the British in the 1600's and after finally being shot, his descendants were "sold into slavery." So that was enough information to say that the tale was possible, but  not provable without doing extensive research on the Philips family.

So when a member called wanting to find the obituaries for Philip Phillips and his wife Elizabeth because they had heard that their daughter-in-law was a mulatto, I remembered the few lines I had read all those years ago. 

Philip had died June 15, 1838 and Elizabeth died  February 27, 1851, so I knew that obituaries for either of them was highly unlikely. But doing due diligence,  I checked the Medina Library's Online Obituary Index, the Ohio Obituary Index and NewspaperArchive database. No obituaries were found.

I tracked down the lines from The History of Medina County and Ohio (1881) that are reproduced above. When the member was called with the results, she shared more information - Sarah PEEK/PEAK was the PHILLIP's daughter-in-law, and she was married to Jeruel PHILLIPS.

Now I was on a roll. First to revisit the information on King Philip.

King Philip - illustration from Pictorial History
of King Philip's War by Daniel Strock.

King Philip was born as Metacomet in 1638. He and his brother, Wamsutta, known as King Alexander,  took extraordinary step of formally adopting English names, during a time of peace with the English. The designation "King" was a term the English used to address the leader of the tribe. Alexander and Philip were members of the Wampanoag tribe in the area of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. So while they were leaders in their community, they were not royalty in the traditional sense.

Their father, Massasoit made many concessions to the English and his sons followed his lead. But after years of encroachment into their lands, the tribe started pushing back at the English. Starting in the 1660's clashes occurred culminating in King Philip's war, which transpired 1675-76. Whenever the English captured any of the Native Americans, people who weren't killed would be sold into slavery. In August of 1676, King Philip's wife and his one son were captured and sold into slavery in Bermuda. On the 12th of August, Philip was shot and killed. That was an end to the hostilities.

Other sources make the point that no one knows for sure how many children King Philip had, so it still makes it a possibility that some of his descendants survived and were also sold into slavery. They would have intermingled with the African slaves and produced children. Nothing more is known for certain.

Besides the intriguing entry into the 1881 History, the Medina Phillips family can be traced in other records.

As I mentioned earlier, Augustus Philips is located in the 1850 Medina County Census and he was born in Connecticut. By the 1860's the family had moved on to Michigan. Ten pages further in on the 1850 Census, Jeruel Philips is found with his wife, Sarah, and their 10 children. Jeruel was born in Connecticut and everyone else was born in Ohio.  They are all listed as mulattoes.* Next door to Jeruel and his family is Elizabeth Phillips, aged 89, born in Connecticut and the column for her race is blank. On the other side of Elizabeth is Sophie Philips and her two daughters. They were all born in Ohio and are listed as mulatto. 

Working back in time, the 1840 Census shows that Augustus is the only one in Medina County. There are 7 people listed in the columns for "Free Colored Persons." Jeruel and Elizabeth Phillips are in Lorain County, where family lore says that Phillip and Elizabeth are both buried. But no tombstones exist to confirm this. Again, all eight individuals are in the "Free Colored Persons" columns.

1840 Census for Medina Township, Medina County, Ohio, showing the Augustus PHILLIPS family.
All are listed under the "Free Colored Persons" 

The 1840 Census for Grafton Township, Lorain, Ohio, showing Jeruel PHILLIPS and in a separate household, Elizabeth PHILLIPS

In the 1830 Census, Philip, Jeruel and Augustus are all listed in Medina County and the 10 people listed are in the "Freed Colored Persons' columns.

In the 1820 Census, only Philip is listed in Medina County, Augustus, born 1796 and Jeruel, born 1803 are probably enumerated with their father, again in the "Free Colored Persons" columns

The 1800 and 1810 Census for Ohio has been lost. But from the history, we know that Philip moved to Medina around 1820. 

Philip is listed in the 1790, 1800 and 1810 Census records for Litchfield County, Connecticut. His birthplace. In each of the enumerations, he and his family members fall into the column "All Other Free Persons". The other columns available to the census takers were "Free White Males", "Free While Females", and Slaves.

So as far back as 1790, Philip Phillips was recognized as not being white. As Native Americans were not listed as a separate race in the census until 1860, any Native Americans would have been considered "non-white".

But there is more information. The member who had asked about the Phillips family had shared that it was thought that Philip Phillips had served in the Revolutionary War. 

Another avenue to pursue!!

First, a quick check of Marcia & Terry Hart's book Veterans Buried in Medina County, Volume I Revolutionary War.

On page 78, this entry reads:

Phillips, Philip

Born 22 Dec 1762 in Windham, Connecticut, he lived in Medina County in 1835 according to the 1835 Pension Roll. His widow Elizabeth applied for a widow's pension in 1839 (W 5532) in which she indicated that he had died 15 Jun 1838. He could not be found in Medina County. Email contact with the descendants reveals that they believe he is buried in Grafton, Lorain County, but do not know of an exact cemetery.

That seems to confirm that Philip served in the Revolutionary War.  Heritage Quest has Revolutionary War Pension Records. Next step...

The file is 69 pages long! Among those many pages are two pages that were torn out of the family Bible. Jeruel Phillips attests to the fact that he saw Philip write in the Bible after its purchase in 1811. The pages are the birth and marriage records for the family.

1811 PHILLIPS Family Bible Births Register

• Philip Phillips Born December 22 1762
• Elizabeth Phillips Born August 29: 1764
• James Phillips Born February 11 1790
• Augustus Phillips Born March 28: 1791
• Benjamin Phillips Born September 29: 1792
• Huldah E Phillips Born April 24: 1795
• John Phillips Born January 4: 1800
• Jeruel Phillips Born April 5:1804

INCREDIBLE!  A reliable document that gives the birth dates for people born in the 18th and early 19th centuries! And it confirms that Jeruel and Augustus are brothers and are the children of Philip and Elizabeth!

The page for the Marriage Register is not as complete:

1811 PHILLIPS Family Bible Marriage Register

The only complete dates for marriages are for Philips & Elizabeth's marriage and then their daughter, Huldah:

• Philip Phillips married March 4:1789
• Huldah Phillips married November 8:1815
• John Phillips married November 18
• Augustus Phillips married February
• Jeruel Phillips married

In his affidavit, Jeruel explains that some of the entries had been entered incorrectly and then were erased.  In a separate affidavit, a Martha Phillips testifies that Philip and Elizabeth were married at her home and she verifies the year, but does not remember the exact date.

The Medina County District Library has just subscribed to the American Ancestors Database, which is produced by the New England Historic Genealogical Society and concentrates on New England families. Checking for Philip in that resource, nothing was found on him. But Elizabeth did turn up in New Milford birth records. It shows that Elizabeth is the daughter of Benjamin & Mary Phillips and was born 29 August 1764. These additional children are attributed to Benjamin & Mary:

• Hulda b. Aug. 4 1756
• Jaruel b. Aug. 31 1758
• Mary b. July 14, 1762
• Onla b. Jan. 15 1766
• Reuben b. May 8, 1755
• Shubel b. Dec. 10, 1760

A couple of those names should seem familiar -- Huldah and Jeruel are names that Philip & Elizabeth used for their children.

So Philip was born in 1762, almost a century after King Philip was killed. Again, tracing the family back another 5 generations at this time period and involving either Native American or African peoples is nearly impossible.

Family history and county and town histories have been checked, with no luck. In 1878, one of Massasoit's descendants, Zerviah G. Mitchell,  wrote a book about her family called Indian History Biography & Genealogy Pertaining to the Good Sachem Massasoit. However her line descends from one of Massasoit's daughters and contains no additional information on King Philip or his brother, King Alexander.

IF  local resources in Litchfield County, Connecticut were consulted we might find additional information.

So, we are back to my original conclusion. It is possible that the Medina PHILLIPS family are descended from King Philip. But not provable without extensive additional research...

*Mulatto is an archaic and offensive term that means a person of mixed ancestry, usually meaning white and African American ancestry. 

SOURCES:

• US Census Bureau https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/c2010br-10.pdf
• 1850 Census, Medina Township, Medina County, Ohio, Ancestry Library Edition
• 1840 Census, Medina Township, Medina County, Ohio, Ancestry Library Edition
• 1840 Census, Grafton Township, Medina County, Ohio, Ancestry Library Edition
• 1830 Census, Medina Township, Medina County, Ohio, Ancestry Library Edition
• 1820 Census, Medina Township, Medina County, Ohio, Ancestry Library Edition
• 1810 Census New Milford, Litchfield County, Connecticut, Ancestry Library Edition
• 1800 Census New Milford, Litchfield County, Connecticut, Ancestry Library Edition
• 1790 Census New Milford, Litchfield County, Connecticut, Ancestry Library Edition
• Connecticut: Vital Records (The Barbour Collection), 1630-1870, American Ancestors.org, New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2011.
• Hart, Marcia, Hart, Nelson(Terry), Veterans Buried in Medina County, Volume I Revolutionary War, 2009.
• History of Medina County and Ohio Baskin & Battey, 1881, p. 381.
• "King Philip's War", History, https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/king-philips-war 
• "Metacomet" Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacomet.
• Strock, Daniel, Pictorial History of King Philip's War, 1851.

Genealogy Slam!

Kelli Bergheimer, nationally known genealogy speaker.

Join nationally well-known speaker, Kelli Bergheimer, as she lectures on genealogical DNA testing.

Kelli is a writer, teacher, editor and a nationally hosted genealogy speaker. She is a member of the Association of Professional Genealogists and the Genealogical Speakers Guild. She also facilitates the Central Ohio DNA Interest Group. To see a full list of her lecture topics, click HERE.

On April 27th, at the Medina Library, she will teach you how to get the most from your DNA test results using your cousin matches and other tools like Excel, One Note and GedMatch.

Sign up for this 4 hour, 12-4 p.m., presentation HERE.

This program is presented with the Medina County Genealogical Society.

Door prizes and light refreshments provided.

Inheritance a Memoir of Genealogy, Paternity and Love

by Dani Shapiro.

 

Shapiro is a gifted memoirist and as such, has examined her life in great detail and written numerous books about it. When she casually takes a DNA test as a favor to her husband, the shocking results explode her concept of who she is and how she fits into her family’s history. 

Raised by Orthodox Jewish parents, her family exults in their distinguished rabbinic history. Then the DNA test reveals that Dani’s beloved late father was not her biological parent. Thanks to her husband’s keen journalistic research, the couple quickly discovers that Dani was conceived by donor insemination in the early 60’s when the process was still relatively new. Her biological father was probably a medical student at a nearby university.

While continuing to track down the donor, Dani grapples with uncertainty. What did her parents know? Did they really give their “informed consent”? Were they puppets of a medical system that kept them deliberately in the dark? Or was her father manipulated by her narcissistic, controlling mother who wanted a child at any cost?

She interviews her father's elderly sister and the family's rabbi trying to learn "the truth". She tracks down doctors who were aware of or worked at the clinic to recreate the environment in which life altering decisions were made.

She struggles to discern what the revelations mean to her own self-view. Eventually identifying the sperm donor and meeting with him reshapes her life.

A sensitive and compelling look at one of the kinds of secrets DNA testing can reveal.

Highly recommended reading.  Order it from your local library HERE.

U.S.Census Records

The fourth in the series of Instructional Genealogy Research Blogs

 - Guest Blogger: Lisa Rienerth, Medina Library Adult Reference Associate

The United States Census is an historical record of the entire U.S. population and one of the most extensive record sets for researching your family history. It provides a unique snapshot of your ancestor's lives and can provide a multitude of clues to extend your research. 

A Brief History 

The Census has been taken every ten years since 1790 through present times. The records are not made available for general public use until 72 years after they are taken. This is done to insure the privacy of the public. The 1940 census is the most recent census available and the 1950 census will be made available in April 2020. 

The census is taken to provide an accurate population count which is used to provide the correct number of  U.S. representatives for each state. It is also used to help estimate the amount of taxes to be collected. Some of the earlier census were used to count the number of available men for a standing army. 

Photograph from the U.S. Census Bureau

Keep In Mind

The people hired to go through the neighborhoods to take down the information were called Enumerators. Many of these enumerators were uneducated and mistakes did happen and houses were skipped.  You have to remember that some of the enumerators were collecting information in areas that were quite rural and some times it was easier to just ask one of the farmers in the area to give the information for all of the other families near his farm.

Be Prepared

Choose one family to research at a time. Make sure you know as much as possible about the family before you begin, i.e. ages, place of residency, names of children, etc.

Have at least 5 different ways to spell the surname. You have to keep in mind that surnames were not spelled the same every time it was written. The enumerator sometimes just wrote it phonetically or sometimes families just wrote it any way they thought it should be and sometimes not the same way twice. Don't be confused if it isn't spelled exactly the way you think it should be and don't be surprised if the person you are searching for goes by his or her middle name or even a nickname. You can use the information you already have on the person or family (birth dates, children's names, etc.) to confirm it is the family you are searching for. 

Where To Find Them

Photograph from the U.S. Census Bureau

The easiest way to search the Census records is to do it from a genealogy website. That's not to say there aren't other ways. Some libraries, the Medina Library included, have some of the census records on microfilm. It's just simpler if you can use a search engine to find the record you want. The top three that I use are, FamilySearch.org, Ancestry.com and Heritage Quest.

Family Search can be searched from any computer anywhere and is a free website. You need a subscription to search on Ancestry.com. However, Ancestry Library Edition is available for use within libraries and archives as long as it is one of their databases. Heritage Quest is usually available through a library or archive, but can be accessed even when not visiting that repository. The Medina County District Library's branches have both Ancestry Library Edition and Heritage Quest available for our members.

A Few More Things...

1. As with all genealogy research, you begin with the most recent date and work your way back.

2. All of the information you find is important to add to your family history, not just the vital statistics.

3. The information you find in the most recent census will give you clues on how to find other records including older census records. I am going to highlight which columns will hold this type of information.

4. Each census contains different requested information and the farther back in time we go, the less information is requested.

Let's Begin!  

1940 Census

Every census has a date the enumerator was supposed to use when asking about information. In the 1940 Census, the family was to answer every question as if the date were April 1, 1940, no matter if the date was after that or not. 

A blank census form will help you decipher what information you are seeing on the sheet. You can find them on FamilySearch.org or Ancestry.com. 

In the left hand corner of the census form you will find the state and county which is being enumerated. This is one of the clues to where to look for additional records.

Columns 1 & 2 shows the address and column 4 shows whether the house is owned or rented.

• If the property is owned, there should be property records. You can search for land or deed records and use the address to aid in this research. 

• Sometimes the information you find in a deed can be a gold mine. You might find a spouse, children and other relatives listed. 

Columns 7 & 8 - Name & Relation

• Check every name & relation. Make sure it is the family you are searching for.

• Look for different surnames listed in the household and check their relation to the head of household. These might give you clues to maiden names of the female relatives. For example, if the person listed is the male's head of household's father-in-law, the father-in-law's surname would be the head of household's wife's maiden name. 

• Don't disregard the family if there is or isn't a name you recognize. Sometimes a family member is forgotten to future generations for one reason or another. It will be up to you to find out what happened to this family member. 

Columns 9-12 

• The age will give you the approximate birth year. This will help when searching for other vital records, such as birth and marriage records. It will also help in finding earlier census records. 

• If the person is listed as a widow/widower in the marital status column this gives you a heads up to look for a spouse in an earlier census and to look for a marriage record, possibly in the county and state they are enumerated in. 

Columns 15 & 16  - Birth & Citizenship

▶ This information shows if your family member was born in a different place other than where they are in 1940. You will search for earlier census records in the place of birth.

► It gives you clues to the family's migration, which leads to more places to search for records, including immigration records.

►Be alert to the child's birth place, it will show you where the family lived at certain dates. For example: a child is 10 years old in the 1940 census in Ohio, but it states that he was born in New York. Now you know that the family was living in New York at least 10 years ago. 

►Sometimes the place of birth changes with census records. This adds another place to search for records. It also means you need to find a different source to confirm the place of birth.

►The citizenship column asks if the person was foreign born and if so what was the country's name before 1937. The country's names in Europe were constantly changing after World War II began so the census gives the name before the war started.

►It also distinguishes between French & English Canadian and Irish Free State & Northern Ireland. This will help narrow down the area you need to search for records. 

►If the person is foreign born it will list the following:

• Na - Naturalized 
• Pa - Having first papers
• Al - Alien
• AmCit - American Citizen

If the person was Naturalized or having First Papers you can look for the naturalization record or the First Papers. If the person is listed as an Alien, you know they have yet to file for naturalization.

Columns 17- 19

►Helpful in finding records for families between the 1930 & 1940 census.

►If they lived in a different place in 1935 you may be able to find more records there. 

Columns 21-22

►Due to the Depression and Government Work, the government wanted to know more about employment status.

►Government Work meant the "New Deal" programs, such as the WPA (Works Progress Administration), the NYA (National Youth Administration) or the CCC (Civil Conservation Corp). 

►If you find that your ancestor worked for these agencies you can search the personnel records through the NARA (National Archives and Records Administration). 

Columns 28-33 - Employment Status

These listings may not provide information that will help find vital records for your ancestor but it will add to the story of your ancestor. Remember genealogy isn't just vital records, it is also history of the life your family member lead.

Lines 14 or 29 - Lucky You!

If your ancestor happened to be listed on the Lines 14 or 29, then there is additional information for you to find. These people are listed at the bottom of the schedule in Column 35.

Columns 36 -38 - Place of birth of father and mother and "mother tongue"

• This will lead you to different areas to search for records, i.e. vital records, land records, census records. 

• If they are foreign born you can start searching for possible immigration and naturalization records. Lauren Kuntzman will explain how to do this type of research in her May Blog. 

Columns 39-41 - Veterans

• If the answer is Yes to column 39 & 40 and which conflict in column 41, this will help in finding military records. Kathy Petras will be covering military research in her June Blog.

Column 42 - Social Security

• If the answer is yes, than you can request a copy of their Social Security application, if the person is deceased. 

Columns 48-50 - For all women who have been married

• If she answers Yes, that she has been married more than once, you need to search for her other marriage record. You start by looking for it in the current county she is residing in.

• You can use the age at her first marriage to figure out what year she was married. Just take her age now and subtract her first marriage age and then subtract that number from 1940. For example: She is listed as 50 years old in the census and she lists 20 years old as her age at her first marriage, when you subtract 20 from 50 you get 30. Then you subtract 30 from 1940 and 1910 would be the approximate year that she was married.

• Remember if she said she was married more than once, this marriage record may be with someone other than who is listed as her husband in 1940. 

• The number of children ever born also includes the children who have died after they were born. This may lead you on a search for a child that no one ever talked or knew about. You can search for them in previous census records or try to find a birth or death record using the parent's names. 

That was fun! Right?

Now you are going to use some of the information you learned from the 1940 census to help find your relative in the 1930 census. For example, if your relative lived somewhere different in 1935 according to the 1940 census, this is where you should begin searching for them. If they are listed as living in the same place you start searching in the same county and state for 1930.

You will find as you go back in time with the census records, that each census is a little different than the others. Sometimes the same question is asked, but the column is located in a different place on the schedule. Sometimes the information requested is the same on the previous census, so I am only going to go over the questions which are different and how you can use this information to find other records or why it is important for your research.  

1930 Census

The first difference is the census date. This time the enumerator asked the questions as if it were April 15, 1930.

Column 9 - Does the household have a Radio Set?

Photograph from the U.S. Census Bureau

This question was asked to see the feasibility of using the radio as a method of selling consumer items and as mass communication for a national emergency. It is not a question that will aide in finding other records, it is just kind of neat to see if your family owned a radio in 1930.

The following questions I am listing are different only because they are being asked to everyone, not just two people picked off the schedule. You can use the same methods I mentioned above to find the records.

Column 15 - Age at first marriage

If you see a difference in time span between the age the person presently is and the age they were at their first marriage compared to their spouse, this may indicate a second marriage and another record you need to find!

Example:

Clarence Swanson is 34 years old in 1930 and was 32 years old at the time of his first marriage. This means he was married for the first time around 1928. His wife, Sadie is 39 years old in 1930 and was 16 years old at the time of her first marriage. This means Sadie was married for the first time in about 1907. Sadie has another husband in her past. 

Columns 19 & 20 - Place of birth for Father & Mother

By knowing the parents birth place, you can now search for the following records:

1. Immigration records if foreign born. 
2. Earlier census records.
3. Birth records. 

Column 22- Year of Immigration

It is extremely helpful to know the year your ancestor immigrated to the United States, because now you have a time period to look for these records.

Column 30 & 31 Veteran and What War? 

This data will help when searching for Military records.

1920 Census

This census is very similar to 1930. The census day is now January 1st, 1920 and there is only one additional question that will help in your research. The other information you will use the same way you did with the 1940 & 1930 census.

Column 15 - If Naturalized & Year of Naturalization

This narrows down the time period of when your relative was naturalized.  For example, if he/she were naturalized in 1918, it is more likely you will find the record in the county they are enumerated in 1920. However, if you cannot find it in that county, then check the county where they were listed in the 1910 census.

1910 Census

The census day is now April 15th, 1910.

Column 9 - Number of Years of Present Marriage

• Take this number and subtract it from 1910 and find the approximate marriage year to aid in finding the marriage record. 

Column 10-11 - Number of children born & Number of children now living

• Use these columns to make sure you have an account of all the children in this family, living or deceased, at the time of this census. The living children not named in this census may be living some where else and are enumerated in another 1910 census or an older census record. The children who have died may also be listed in previous census records. 

• Now you also need to look for birth and death records for the unknown children. 

Column 30  - Whether a survivor of the Union or Confederate Army or Navy?

• Again, this is helpful for Military records. 

1900 Census 

Census day is June 1st, 1900. 

This is one of my favorite census...yes, I have a favorite census record. This is why....

Column 7 - Date of Birth 

• Not only does it list the persons age, but the month and year of their birth. This comes in handy when looking for birth records, especially if you are having problems with persons of similar names. For example, two John Smiths born in Medina County, Ohio, in 1880. By using the month you can possibly eliminate a John Smith. 

• It also helps fill in those pesky blank spaces on your Family Group Sheet.

Column 18 - Naturalization

• This gives you the date of your ancestor's naturalization. You can use this date to find his/her naturalization papers. Use the census records to see where they were living around the date of the naturalization and search in that county for the record.

1890 Census

Census day is June 2nd, 1890.

This is the sad census. Most of it was destroyed by fire and water damage in the Commerce Department where it was stored. Less than 1% survived.

Here is a list of places where fragments are found:

Alabama—Perry County

District of Columbia—Q, S, 13th, 14th, RQ, Corcoran, 15th, SE, and Roggs streets, and Johnson Avenue

Georgia—Muscogee County (Columbus)

Illinois—McDonough County: Mound Township

Minnesota—Wright County: Rockford

New Jersey—Hudson County: Jersey City

New York—Westchester County: Eastchester; Suffok County: Brookhaven Township

North Carolina—Gaston County: South Point Township, Ricer Bend Township; Cleveland County: Township No. 2

Ohio—Hamilton County (Cincinnati); Clinton County: Wayne Township

South Dakota—Union County: Jefferson Township

Texas—Ellis County: S.P. no. 6, Mountain Peak, Ovila
Precinct; Hood County: Precinct no. 5; Rusk County: Precinct no. 6 and J.P. no. 7; Trinity County: Trinity Town and Precinct no. 2; Kaufman County: Kaufman.

You can search these records on both Ancestry and FamilySearch.

If you are lucky enough to have a relative listed in these surviving records, this is the additional information you will find.

Line 2 - Veteran or Widow of a Veteran of the Civil War

• Again this will help with looking for Military records and Pension records.

Line 8 - If married within the census year

• If your person was married between 1 June 1889 - 31 May 1890, you now know to look for a marriage within this year and most likely within the county they are enumerated in 1890. 

Lines 22 & 23 - Personal Health

• This information may help lead you to some lesser used sources, i.e. hospital, special school or institutional records. These records are hard to find and sometimes not open to the public. 

• Even if you cannot find these resources, it does add that additional personal information for your relative.

The above information is also is true for Line 24, which is whether your ancestor was a prisoner, convict, homeless child, or pauper. 

1880 Census

Census day is once again June 1st, 1880 and will continue to be June 1st until the 1820 census. 

The 1880 census has just one question that is slightly different than the 1890 question.

Column 7 - Birth date 

• Like the marriage question in the 1890 census, if the person was born within the census year, then a month was given.

• Remember, with this census, the census year isn't January through December 1880. It is 31 May 1879 through 1 June 1880. 

1870 Census

Information to remember when using the 1870 census.

• Due to the end of the Civil War, many former slaves are now enumerated. They could possibly be using their former owner's surname.

• Column 20 is an interesting question. It askS if the male U.S. citizen of 21 years of age and older was denied the right to vote. This is due to the passing of the 15th amendment after the Civil War. 

• The address and street number are no longer enumerated.

• The relation to the head of household is no longer given. Don't assume the man and woman listed  together are man and wife. They could be siblings, in-laws or unrelated. The children listed may not be related to the head of household or to the woman listed in the household. 

•  The place of birth for the person's parents is no longer listed. There is only a hash mark if they are foreign born. 

1860 & 1850 Census

These were the first of the census records that began listing everyone in the household. There is a lot less information requested, but you still find enough to aid in further research. 

• If you see a male relative listed in the 1860 census, and is of an age to have fought in the Civil War, and he is not listed in the 1870 census, this man may have died in the war. This can lead you to search for military and pension records and possible death records. 

• You will notice at the top of the form, on the left, it states "Free Inhabitants.." there are separate slave schedules in 1850 & 1860.

1790 through 1840 census....the early years...

These census aren’t detailed, but provide valuable information of where you can continue your research.

It does place the family in a specific area and it will help to distinguish your family from others with the same name, by comparing ages of people in household with what you have recorded. You can also locate possible additional relatives with the same surname.

Here is some information to keep in mind when using them for research.

• Only Head of households are listed with other occupants of the household indicated by a hash mark that coincides with a span of year. For example, male between 10-15. 
• The people are also separated by sex and race.

• Beware that some people are listed alphabetically and some are listed as they were visited by the enumerator. 

• The slave schedule is listed within these census records. It divides the slaves by gender & age. No owner's name is given.

• In the 1840 census, Pensioners for the Revolutionary War are also listed by name and age. This will help determine if your ancestor was in the Revolutionary War and if there may be both military and pension records. 

• Census day for the 1790-1820 census was the first Monday in August. 

• Enumerators for the 1830 & 1840 census were provided printed schedules to record the information.

• In 1790 through 1820 the enumerators had to provide their own schedules. Using a blank form is extremely helpful when researching these census, since many census takers did not label the columns.

• With all of the census between 1790-1840, be aware that the age breakdowns are different census to census. 

• There are also some missing census records. You can check at FamilySearch.org to find out which ones are missing. 

Now that you have gleaned all the information you can from these records take the time to compile and compare all the data for each family. You will find that the census provides a wealth of valuable information. However, you should not accept this information as proof of any fact or event. You use the census as a stepping stone to further research and to back up information you have already found and to add a little history to your family research.

Please let me know if you have any questions on these records. Ancestry.com and FamilySearch.org have some wonderful tutorials and articles on Census Records and I have listed a few resources below that provide additional information and aids to searching them.

Happy researching!

Sources:

Finding Answers in the U.S. Census Records - Loretto Dennis Szucs

The Source: A Guidebook of American Genealogy - Loretto Dennis Szucs & Sandra Hargreaves Luebking

NARA - National Archives and Records Administration